Want to be a Survivor?

Take the test below to find out if you have what it takes!

 

1.         I would like to be a survivor:                Y          N                     (circle one)

 

2.         Please circle your general health:     Excellent Good Fair Poor

 

3.         I think I will die in:             5          10        20        30        40        50+     years.

 

4.         Check the appropriate box (or boxes) that best describe your beliefs and compare your response to the answers on the back to find out if you have what it takes to survive:

 

q                   1.         The Bible was written by a group of well-meaning guys.  They made up heaven, hell, the Day of Wrath and Book of Life.  I believe there is a god, but all religions are equal.

 

q                   2.         Since we got here through evolution, there is no need to survive, when we die, we cease to exist, end of story. 

 

q                   3.         This life is just one of many steps toward becoming perfect.  When we die, we get reincarnated again until we learn from our mistakes.  Therefore, there is no desire to survive the big test this time.  We all get there in the end.

 

q                   4.         The wrath of God will only come to those who are not good people.  I believe I am a good person and a God of love would not put His wrath on people like me who have never killed anyone.

 

q                   5.         My name is in the Book of Life; therefore I will survive.

 

q                   6.         I hope my name is in the book of life, I go to church and try as hard as I can to be a good Christian/Catholic/Mormon/etc., but I am not sure I am good enough.

 

q                   7.         Other - Please explain:

 

 

Rev 6:17 "For the great day of His wrath has come, and who is able to stand?"  (NKJ)

 

Will you still be standing?  How can you know for sure?

 

 


ANSWERS FROM THE BIBLE

 

1.         The Bible clearly says (1 Peter 1:10-12, Hebrews 1:1-2, 2 Timothy 3:16) that God inspired the words that were written by the Prophets of the Old Testament and the Apostles of the New Testament.  Saying the Bible is inspired because the Bible says so would be a very weak argument if not for the prophetic nature of the Bible.  Only a supreme being who stands outside of time can know the future absolutely (Isaiah 46:9-10).  God inspired the men who wrote the Bible to make hundreds of prophecies in order to validate the message as being from God and not from man.  Most of these prophecies have already been fulfilled in exacting detail, while the others remain to be fulfilled in the Last Days.  No other “holy book” includes prophecies by which the validity of divine authorship can be tested.  The Bible stands alone in this area, and thus the future Wrath of God, the judgment, and the Book of Life, as described in the Bible, should be considered as spiritual reality by a rational thinker.  Therefore, if your name is not written in the Book of Life (see answer to 6 below), then judgment awaits.  You are not a survivor.

 

2.         Consider this:  The information necessary to make your physical body is contained in the nucleus of all 60 trillion cells of your body.  It took many years, several billion dollars and the most brilliant scientists with the most powerful computers on earth to finish deciphering the lettering of the human genome.  This feat was completed about two years ago, but does not begin to scratch the surface in understanding all the information contained in the human genetic code.  Information comes from intelligence, and the information contained in all the life forms found on Earth testify to the fact that there must be a supreme intelligence, beyond human comprehension.  (See this and other articles on evolution at the table, and refer to #1 above)  Psalms 14 says,  “The fool has said in his heart, ‘there is no God.’”   Therefore, you are not a survivor.

 

3.         See answer to 1 above and then consider that Hebrews 9:27 says, “And as it is appointed for men to die once, but after this the judgment.”  This verse and others teach that we have only one chance to “survive” the judgment to come.  There are no second chances.  Therefore, God has spoken and declared that reincarnation is a lie.  If the Bible is from God, then you are not a survivor.

 

4.         Please read the answer to 1 above.  The Bible does teach that if you are good enough, you will survive (Matthew 5:20), but the standard is very high.  Please take our Ten Commandment test to see if you are good enough to survive this test.

 

5.         The Bible teaches that if your name is in the book of life, then you will survive, and the second death has no power over you (Revelation 20:56,15).  To have your name in the Book of Life you must have admitted/confessed to God that you are a sinner (Romans 3:23).  (Refer to #4 above to see if you are a sinner or not) and recognize that as a sinner you deserved to go to the lake of fire (hell) as just punishment (Romans 6:23).  After humbling yourself before a holy God, then you must accept the fact that Jesus took the judgment that you deserved when HE suffered and died on the cross for your sins and rose from the grave to prove that HE defeated sin and death.  In accepting this, you believe Jesus cleansed you of sin by His grace, and that He will give you life everlasting as a free gift for your faith in believing in Him.  If this is what you believe, then you will be a SURVIVOR, thanks be to Jesus (Romans 10:6-11).

 

6.         See answers to 1, 4 and 5 above.  The Bible teaches that God wants us to KNOW that we will SURVIVE (1 John 5:13).

 

 

Rev 20:12  And I saw the dead, small and great, standing before God, and books were opened. And another book was opened, which is the Book of Life. And the dead were judged according to their works, by the things which were written in the books.  -----------  15  And anyone not found written in the Book of Life was cast into the lake of fire.  (NKJ) 

 

Is your name in the Book of Life?  How can you find out?

Check out www.calvarypo.org or call pastor Kevin Lea at 360.876.7288 for further info!

 

 

 

 

The Ten Commandments Test

 

Are you good enough?  The following are the Ten Commandments that the Lord God gave to Moses on Mount Sinai, in Exodus 20.  There are many more laws that God gave, but these will be a good test of whether you are good enough to get into heaven.

 

 

I.    "I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage.  "You shall have no other Gods before Me.

 

 

V.    "Honor your Father and Mother, that your days may be long upon the land which the LORD your God is giving you.

 

 

II.  "You shall not make for yourself any graven image (idol), you shall not bow down to them nor serve them. For I, the LORD your God, am a jealous God.

 

 

VI.   "You shall not murder.

 

 

III.  You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain, for the LORD will not hold him guiltless who takes His name in vain.

 

 

VII.  "You shall not commit adultery.

 

 

IV. "Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.

 

VIII. "You shall not steal.  (no matter how small)

 

 

 

IX.   "You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor.  (including little white lies)

 

 

 

X.   “You shall not covet your neighbor's house; you shall not covet your neighbor's wife, nor his male servant, nor his female servant, nor his ox (SUV), nor his donkey (hybrid car), nor anything that is your neighbor's."

 

 

Have you EVER violated ANY of these Ten Commandments?

Be Honest!  You  may be able to fool yourself, but you can never fool God!

 

If you said no, then have you ever violated them in your thought life?  Jesus said that if you have hatred in your heart against someone, then you have committed murder (Matthew 5:22), or if you have lusted after a man or a woman in your heart, you have committed adultery (Matthew 5:27-28).  If your answer is still no, then consider reading the rest of the laws contained in the Old Testament (613 of them in all) to see if you have violated any of them at any time in your life.  If you have not, then you are saying you have lived a perfect life without sin.  If this is the truth, then you are good enough to go to heaven (Matthew 5:20).   However, the Bible says that no one is good, and that all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God (Romans 3:10 and 23).

 

If you said yes, then the Bible says that you are not good enough to go to heaven (Gal 3:11-12).  God’s standard is perfection and you will be judged for your works and then be sent to the Lake of Fire, unless your name is written in the Book of Life (Revelation 20:15).  God made it possible to have our name written when He sent Jesus into the world.  Jesus was the only one to live a perfect life, and therefore He did not deserve to die or be judged.  But Jesus offered up His life, to die on the cross, and He took the judgment that we deserved so that whoever believed in Him would not perish but have everlasting life.  Please consider giving up trying to establish a righteousness of your own and accept the righteousness of God that comes by faith in Jesus Christ (Romans 10:2-4).

 

We Care About You!  If you are concerned about your eternal destiny, then please call us at 360-876-7288 or visit our web site at www.calvarypo.org

 

 

Divine Engineering
Unraveling DNA's Design
by Dr. Jerry Bergman

Recent research into the structure and workings of genes and DNA has revealed incredible evidence of God's wonderful design.  Dr. Jerry Bergman, professor of science at Northwest College, Archibold (Ohio) has recently published an excellent technical paper in the Creation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, 1 detailing how genes manufacture plants and animals. 

We have excerpted portions of his report for this article.

Vast Databases

At the moment of conception, a fertilized human egg is about the size of a pinhead.  Yet it contains information equivalent to about six billion "chemical letters."  This is enough information to fill 1000 books, 500 pages thick with print so small you would need a microscope to read it! 

If all the chemical "letters" in the human body were printed in books, it is estimated they would fill the Grand Canyon fifty times! 2

This vast amount of information is stored in our bodies' cells in DNA molecules and is coded by four bases-adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine.  The key to the coding of DNA is in the grouping of these bases into sets that are further sequenced to form the 20 common amino acids. Together, these genetic codes form the physical foundation of all life.

We've all been exposed to the basic concepts of DNA and its double-helix structure in our high school biology classes.  Perhaps you remember being taught that cells divide through the "unzipping" and subsequent replication of the double helix.  In all likelihood, though, the incredible evidence of design in this process was not discussed.

A Complex Engineering Puzzle

Suppose you were asked to take two long strands of fisherman's monofilament line-125 miles long-then form it into a double-helix structure and neatly fold and pack this line so  it would fit into a basketball. 

Furthermore, you would need to ensure that the double helix could be unzipped and duplicated along the length of this line, and the duplicate copy removed, all without tangling the line.  Possible?
This is directly analogous to what happens in the billions of cells in your body every day.  Scale the basketball down to the size of a human cell and the line scales down to six feet of DNA. 

All this DNA must be packed so the regulator proteins that control making copies of the DNA have access to it. The DNA packing process is both complex and elegant and is so efficient that it achieves a reduction in length of DNA by a factor of 1 million. 3

When the cell needs to divide, the entire length of DNA must be split apart, duplicated, and repackaged for each daughter cell. No one knows exactly how cells solve this topological nightmare. But the solution clearly starts with the special spools on which the DNA is wound.

Each spool carries two "turns" of DNA, and the spools themselves are stacked together in groups of six or eight. The human cell uses about 25 million of them to keep its DNA under control. 4 (As shown in Figure 3 on the previous page, DNA is wound around histones to form nucleosomes.  These are organized into solenoids, which in turn compose chromatin loops.  Each element in this complex, yet highly organized arrangement is carefully designed to play a key role in the cell replication process.)

Cell Replication

The details of cell replication are too complex to be described in detail here.  A simplified outline is given below to illustrate the incredible process involved: 5

Replication involves the synthesis of an exact copy of the cell's DNA.  An initiator protein must locate the correct place in the strand to begin copying.  The initiator protein guides an "unzipper" protein (helicase) to separate the strand, forming a fork area.  This unwinding process involves speeds estimated at approximately 8000 rpm, all done without tangling the DNA strand!  The DNA duplex kinks back on itself as it unwinds.  To relieve the twisting pressure, an "untwister" enzyme (topo-isomerase) systematically cuts and repairs the coil. Working only on flat, untwisted sections of the DNA, enzymes go to work copying the strand.  (Two complete DNA pairs are synthesized, each containing one old and one new strand.)  A stitcher repair protein (DNA ligases) connects nucleotides together into one continuous strand.

Read and Write

The process described above is only a small part of the story.  While the unwinding and rewinding of the DNA takes place, an equally sophisticated process of reading the DNA code and "writing" new strands occurs.  The process involves the production and use of messenger RNA.  Again, a simplified process description: 6

Messenger RNA is made from DNA by an enzyme (RNA polymerase).  A small section of DNA unzips, revealing the actual message (called the sense strand) and the template (the anti-sense strand).  A copy is made of the gene of interest only, producing a relatively short RNA segment. The knots and kinks in the DNA provide crucial topological stop-and-go signals for the enzymes. After messenger RNA is made, the DNA duplex is zipped back up.

Adding to the complexity and sophistication of design, the genetic code is read in blocks of three bases (out of the four possible bases mentioned earlier) that are non-overlapping. 

Moreover, the triplicate code used is "degenerate," meaning that multiple combinations can often code for the same amino acid-this provides a built-in error correction mechanism.  (One can't help but contrast the sophistication involved with the far simpler read/write processes used in modern computers.)

A Common Software House

All living things use DNA and RNA to build life from four simple bases.  The process described above is common to all creatures from simple bacteria all the way to humans. 

Evolutionists point to this as evidence for their theory-but the new discoveries of the complexity of the process, and the fact that bacterial ribosomes are so similar to those in humans, is strong evidence against evolution.  The complexities of cell replication must have been present at the beginning of life. 

A simple explanation for the similarities of the basic building blocks can be found if one realizes that all life originates from a single "software house."  He is awesome indeed!

[Ed Note: Dr. Jerry Bergman is a professor of science at Northwest College, Archibold (Ohio) and is working on his third Ph.D. in molecular biology. He also has degrees in biology, psychology, and evaluation and research.]

This article was originally published in the
December 1997 Personal Update NewsJournal.

Notes:    

Creation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, PO Box 6302, Acacia Ridge D.C., Queensland, 4110, Australia.

  1. Chuck Missler and Mark Eastman, M.D., The Creator Beyond Time and Space.
  2. Jerry Bergman, "How Genes Manufacture Plants and Animals," Creation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, Volume 11 (Part 2), 1997, p 202-211.
  3. Nicholas Wade, "How Cells Unwind Tangled Skein of Life," The New York Times, October 21, 1997, Tuesday, p. F1.
  4. Bergman, p. 202-211.
  5. Ibid.

 

 

 

Elegance by Accident?
Chance as the Master Architect?
by Chuck Missler


The Myth of our Age

Jesus warned us, "Take heed that no man deceive you." 1  And we do, indeed, live in the Age of Deceit.  Our entire society is totally driven by many myths, none more basic or insidious than the convictions of Evolution, the religion of our age.  (Dismissing for this discussion the observations of microevolution, the variations within species, but rather using the term in its connotative sense, referring, in fact, to biogenesis: the notion that we are all the result of a series of cosmic accidents.)

The ancient cultures worshiped gods of wood and stone.  It is difficult to comprehend the insanity of paganism: who can tally the blood that has been spilled on the altars of the gods who are not and the demons who are!  We, however, in our contemporary paganism, have invented the most insulting "god" of all. Instead of ascribing the awesome magnificence of the Creation to any of the false gods of the past, we have chosen to ascribe it all to randomness, or chance.  That has to be the most insulting ascription of all: we have decided that no Designer was necessary - it all "just happened."  "First there was nothing.  Then it exploded!"2

The premise that we are all simply the accidental result of random chance underlies our entire culture, not just biology: the fields of psychology, our social and political sciences, our media, our entertainments, and, of course, the forced inculcation of our children in the government schools.

But there is a glimmer of good news.

The Death of Darwinism

The good news is that there is a rising awareness that Evolution is bad science.  Science purports to follow the evidence, relying on empirical verification for its conjectures.  And it is increasingly evident that the evidence is mercilessly denying randomness as an explanation for the elegant designs embodied in the machinery of the universe.  The writings of Denton, Behe, Johnson, Dempski, and Meyer have turned the thinking world upside down.3  The rebuttals have come from virtually every field of science: paleontology, physics and, quite conclusively, microbiology.  Interestingly, perhaps the most compelling refutations come from one of the newest of the sciences: the information sciences, the field which has given us advanced communications and computers.

The Spectrum of the Possible

William Dempski has exquisitely profiled the spectrum of possibilities from certainty,  "a probability of 1.0," to impossibility, "a probability of 0."  (All events, by definition, lie between these two boundary conditions.)  Figure 1 summarizes this spectrum:

When events are characterized by a high degree of certainty, we call them "scientific laws," such as gravity, etc.  Most events, however, are characterized by some level of uncertainty, and the exploration of their likelihoods occupy the attention of statisticians, businessmen, and professional investigators dealing with the circumstances in the "real world."

When we encounter events that are extremely improbable - that is, highly unlikely to have occurred by unaided chance alone - we attribute them to deliberate design.  If we walked into the kitchen and found a scattering of alphabet soup letters on the floor that spelled out a meaningful sentence, we would recognize that it was the deliberate handiwork of someone doing the spelling.  Cryptography is also an example of exploring discoveries which are highly improbable to be attributed to chance as the rival conjecture. 

If we encountered a series of ostensibly "random" letters, but discovered that some systematic transformation rendered them into a meaningful sentence, we would infer that someone had hidden that message there deliberately.  Random chance would be deemed too unlikely to have caused that unaided.

The forensic debates in a courtroom also typically deal with rendering random chance as the unlikely contributor to the evidence which points to deliberate intent or design.

The discovery that our DNA codes are three-out-of-four, error-correcting codes, which are stored, retrieved, copied, and processed to instruct machines to fabricate the complex proteins that make up living organisms, has rendered any attribution to unaided chance as absurd in the extreme. (For those of our readers with advanced technical aptitudes, we strongly recommend the writings of William Dempski listed in the bibliography at the end of this article.)

Irreducible Complexity

Michael Behe has upset the comfort of the Darwinists by highlighting a design attribute that he terms "irreducible complexity."  Consider, as an example, the familiar household mousetrap in figure 2.

This simple device consists of five essential parts: (1) a platform which holds (2) a hammer driven by (3) a spring when restrained by (4) a holding bar until released by (5) a catch.  This basic design has defied attempts to simplify it further, or to reduce its complexity.  The significant feature is that with only four of the five parts one cannot catch 4/5ths as many mice!  Its function depends on each of its essential elements, each of which involve substantial precision in their specification.  "Natural selection" cannot operate until there is something to select from.

Behe then presents an example of "irreducible complexity" from nature by reviewing the tiny motor that powers the flagellum, which propels a bacterium through the water:

Figure 3: This tiny mechanism, positioned to penetrate the bacterium's protective outer membrane, consists of over 40 parts - each of which are essential to its functioning.   Figure 4 presents a functional equivalent: with any of its 40 parts missing, this mechanism would not be functional and would be a casualty in the processes of "natural selection" postulated by the Darwinists.  The bacterium, dependent upon its locomotion, would be likewise. 

So how did it come about?  All the Darwinists can do is assert rather than explain.

The Miniature City

Darwinists love to postulate the "simple cell."  With the advent of modern microbiology, we now know "there ain't any such thing."  Even the simplest cell is complex beyond our imagining.

As Michael Denton has pointed out, "Although the tiniest bacterial cells are incredibly small, each is in effect a veritable microminiaturized factory containing thousands of exquisitely designed pieces of intricate molecular machinery, made up of 100,000,000,000 atoms, far more complicated than any machine built by man and absolutely without parallel in the nonliving world."4

The "simple cell" turns out to be a miniaturized city of unparalleled complexity and adaptive design, including automated assembly plants and processing units featuring robot machines (protein molecules with as many as 3,000 atoms each in three-dimensional configurations) manufacturing hundreds of thousands of specific types of products.  The system design exploits artificial languages and decoding systems, memory banks for information storage, elegant control systems regulating the automated assembly of components, error correction techniques and proofreading devices for quality control.

All by chance?  All without a Designer?  (How do you define "absurd?")

When I was at the Ford Motor Company, one of our proudest assets was the famous River Rouge Plant in Dearborn.  It was the largest totally integrated manufacturing facility in the world.  With 97 miles of railroad within the plant, raw iron ore and limestone entered one end; the necessary steel, glass, and paint were manufactured within the facility. The entire cars (including the engines on automated lines) were fabricated within the plant, and new Mustangs came out the other end.  Yet this entire complex pales in comparison to the elegant high order of design demonstrated in the simplest cell, which can also replicate itself in a matter of hours.

The Darwinian Bankruptcy

An elegant design is more than the parts themselves: it involves information.  It requires information input external to the design itself - and the deliberate involvement of a Designer.

The Darwinians cannot explain the origin of life because they cannot account for the origin of information.  The technology that provides language - semantics and syntax, for example - is quite distinct from the technology of the ink and paper it may be written on.  The physical features of the circuits in a computer provide no clue about the design of the software that resides within it. It is profoundly significant that the Title of the Creator is the Logos - The Word:

In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.  The same was in the beginning with God. All things were made by him; and without him was not any thing made that was made.    - John 1:1-3

This article was excerpted from our featured Briefing Package, In the Beginning There Was...Information.

Sources:

  • Michael Denton, Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, Adler & Adler, Bethesda MD, 1986.
  • Michael J. Behe, Darwin's Black Box, Simon and Schuster, New York NY, 1996.
  • Philip Johnson, Darwin on Trial, Regnery Gateway, Washington D.C., 1991.
  • William Dempski, The Design Inference, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, 1998.
  • Dr. Stephen Meyer, various articles; see also In the Beginning There Was... Information.
  • Perloff, Tornado in a Junkyard, Refuge Books, Arlington MA, 1999.
  • Werner Gitt, In the Beginning Was Information, Christliche Literatur-Verbreitung e.V., Postfach Bielefeld, Germany, 1997. (Trans. of Am Anfang war die Information, Hänssler, Neuhausen-Stuttgart, Germany 1994.)

 

This article was originally published in the
June 2000 Personal Update NewsJournal.

 

Notes:      

  1. Matthew  24:4, 24.
  2. John Loeffler's classic summary of the Big Bang.
  3. See the sources listed above.
  4. From Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, Adler & Adler, Bethesda MD, 1986.

 

 

THE REALM OF THE LIVING CELL

April 25, 1997

TRANSCRIPT

David Gergen, editor at large of U.S. News & World Report, engages Boyce Rensberger, science writer for the Washington Post, author of Life Itself: Exploring the Realm of the Living Cell.

JIM LEHRER: Now a Gergen dialogue. David Gergen, editor at large of "U.S. News & World Report," engages Boyce Rensberger, science writer for the "Washington Post," author of "Life Itself: Exploring the Realm of the Living Cell."

DAVID GERGEN: Boyce, you’ve been covering science for over 30 years, and in your book you seem absolutely fascinated by what’s going on in cell research. What brings this passion out in you now?

BOYCE RENSBERGER, Author, "Life Itself": Well, to me, it’s just the most fascinating thing there is. If you stop and think about what we as human beings are, we are some kind of machine in--this miraculous machine, marvelous machine. What is it that’s inside us, that makes us able to do such a simple thing as move, or a more complex thing like to think? And I just can’t think of anything more fascinating than to know how that works.

DAVID GERGEN: What have we learned now? Crick and Lotts when they won their Nobel Prize for the double helix in DNA, that was about 30 years ago, 35 years ago, what have we learned in the last 20 or 30 years?

BOYCE RENSBERGER: Oh, my God, we’ve learned most of what we know about cell--how life works has been learned since then. I mean, what they showed was the double helix structure of DNA. What was learned subsequently was what does that double helix structure do? You know, what do the pieces of that, of the chromosome do? We learned much more about what the cell does with that information? You know, there’s more to life than just DNA. We hear all these stories about finding the gene for this or for that, but there’s--a gene literally does not do anything, except just sit inside the nucleus of the cell and let the rest of the cell’s machinery read its message and act on it. And all the work is done by other things. And what we’ve learned is a lot of that other stuff.

DAVID GERGEN: About the cells, themselves.

BOYCE RENSBERGER: About what the cell does. I mean, a gene is to a cell as the software on a disk is to everything that a computer can do. It just sits there. You need all the rest of that hardware to make the--to make the software do anything useful.

DAVID GERGEN: Right.

BOYCE RENSBERGER: And we need all the rest of the cell to make the gene useful.

DAVID GERGEN: Right. Let’s talk about the cells, themselves. You said in the human body there are about 60 trillion cells.

BOYCE RENSBERGER: Sixty trillion. That’s 60 million million cells.

DAVID GERGEN: Right.

BOYCE RENSBERGER: That’s a lot.

DAVID GERGEN: Now, I’ve always assumed they are quite small, but you said there are some cells which are actually very large.

BOYCE RENSBERGER: There are some cells that are large. The largest one in terms of length--those are the cells that are the nerve cells that run from the base of your spinal column out to the farthest point from that, which in most people is the tip of the big toe, so that’s a distance of several feet.

DAVID GERGEN: That’s one single cell.

BOYCE RENSBERGER: One single cell stretches that whole length. There are many more cells running parallel to it, and bundled up, they make a nerve.

DAVID GERGEN: Fascinating. Now, the ordinary cell, how many can fit--we used to talk in the Middle Ages about how many angels can dance on the head of a pin.

BOYCE RENSBERGER: They’re bigger than angels. Well, I don’t know about the head of a pin, but if you look at say the dot on an "i" in a piece of newspaper or book type, about 200 cells can be fitted side by side on that circular dot.

DAVID GERGEN: Now, what’s really interesting about your book was how much was going on inside that little, little tiny cell.

BOYCE RENSBERGER: It’s incredibly tiny. Most of them are not that long. They’re much smaller. And we used to say that what was inside a cell was protoplasm, and today that’s an extinct term. There is no such thing as protoplasm unless you mean that’s everything that’s in there. Now that we’re able to look very closely at going inside the cell and see what’s there, we see it is--every cell is jam-packed with machinery, with molecules that are doing jobs, that are moving around. There’s a transportation system inside cells with a network of tracts, with containerized cargo that’s hauled around on those tracks by little molecular motors. You know, your genes tell certain machinery in the cell to make a protein of a certain kind. They do that. The protein may belong in some other part of the cell, or it may be that it’s supposed to go to a different part of the body entirely. It gets containerized and hauled off to those places. All this stuff is going on simultaneously. If you get down and look at it, it’s just a chattering factory-like environment.

DAVID GERGEN: Four or five centuries ago, as you write, people thought that the soul actually made things move within the cells, made the body move, sort of these vital forces in the body. What really makes it move?

BOYCE RENSBERGER: What really makes it move is a type of molecule that--you call them molecular motors, motor molecules, that can actually swivel. When they get with a certain other kind of molecule--a phosphate binds to them. This is the way energy is carried around inside the body. When they get a little piece of that to them, they flex. And our cells like muscle cells are built so that they have lots of these motor molecules in long parallel strands. And one reaches out and grabs the other and pulls on it. When you want your muscles to work, that’s what happens.

DAVID GERGEN: Right.

BOYCE RENSBERGER: Millions of times. And it pulls, and it’s just like pulling on a rope hand over hand.

DAVID GERGEN: What is magical to me is that it all works. It’s so complex, the complexity.

BOYCE RENSBERGER: It is incredibly complex. And yet, the more you know about it, the more wonderful it seems, just the more astonishing.